Charged particles (electrons, mesons, protons, alpha particles, heavier atomic ions, etc.) can be produced by particle accelerators.

The Schrödinger equation of atoms or atomic ions with more than one electron has not been solved analytically, because of the Coulomb interactions among electrons.

Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb interaction.

In the older chemical literature as well as contemporary materials science textbooks, a "metal hydride" is assumed to be nonmolecular, i.e. three-dimensional lattices of atomic ions.

This results in ejection (sputtering) of so-called 'secondary' particles such as electrons; neutral species, atoms, and molecules; atomic and cluster ions from the surface.

Over 90% proportion of atomic ions is achievable.

Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser-cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms.

This atomic oxygen provides the O atomic ions that make up the F2 layer.

This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.

The atomic ions and free electrons mix around like a hot soup.