enserfment

An alliance between the new landowners and the State enforced full-scale enserfment.

They were replaced by the second enserfment.

The process of legal enserfment began.

The classic conditions for enserfment were created: an abundance of land and a dearth of labourers.

Two years later, peasants' freedom of movement was restricted and the process of enserfment was completed.

The uprisings in the early part of the century may have served temporarily to postpone formal enserfment, but they were powerless to prevent it.

In Poland slavery was forbidden in the 15th century; it was replaced by the second enserfment.

Stalin's collectivization of agriculture in the early 1930's (called the "second enserfment" by the peasants) imparted a characteristically savage imprint on this tradition.

His collective farmer resents enserfment and his factory worker resents exploitation in Stalin's "socialist" revolution.

The union brought about the Polish colonization of Ruthenian lands and enserfment of Ruthenian peasantry by the szlachta.

The enserfment of the population by the Norman system diminished the importance of hundreds as self-regulating social units since law was not imposed from above, and since the population was immobilised.

Despite the Tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the power of the Tsar were only halfhearted.

She documents the murderous nature of collectivization in the 1930's, shows how the peasantry was dispirited by Stalin's "second enserfment" and outlines the dire effects of the Communist assault on the Russian church.

It was sparked by an act of the Sejm (legislature) passed the same year that declared that non-Registered Cossacks were equal to ordinary peasants in their rights, and hence were subjected to enserfment.

The Cossack uprising fell on the fertile ground of the overall condition of Ukrainian peasantry who under Polish control were subject to continued enserfment and exploitation by mostly Polish or polonized szlachta (nobility).

Non- Russians, such as the Bashkirs, followed Pugachev because they were promised their traditional ways of life, freedom of their lands, water and woods, their faith and laws, their food, clothing, salaries, weapons and freedom from enserfment.

In 1767 it was forbidden for foster parents to enserf illegitimate children and in 1781 enserfment of prisoners of war was prohibited and a law passes that saw marriage of a free man to a serf woman emancipate the woman.

In Sparta, the Messenian Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians, beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC, an act without precedent or antecedent in ancient Greece.

It saw two crucial and intimately connected social changes gather irresistible momentum: the creation of a new stratum of service landholders - the pomeshchiki and the subsequent enserfment not only of those peasants already suffering de facto bondage, but of the entire Russian peasantry.

Whereas in much of eastern Europe, which was moving in the same direction, enserfment seems to have been the response of a very powerful nobility to a labour shortage (made more acute in areas responding to the growing Western market for grain), in Russia the State clearly played a greater role.

The uprising was ignited by the continually increasing enserfment and exploitation of the Ukrainian peasantry by mostly Polish szlachta (nobility) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, or their polonized equivalents, as well as the imposition of Catholicism on the unwilling Ukrainians who had been traditionally Eastern Orthodox.

Moreover it is true that in one or two specific minor ways the express tried positively to limit serfdom - by ordering in 1781 that war prisoners were in future to become free men if they were converted to Orthodoxy; and by reducing the possibilities which had hitherto existed of enserfment by marriage.