constantan

In addition, constantan is characterized by good fatigue life and relatively high elongation capability.

Constantan is another material which is often used.

It was produced in Germany where it was renamed "constantan".

Of all modern strain gauge alloys, constantan is the oldest, and still the most widely used.

Constantan is also used for electrical resistivity heating.

This situation reflects the fact that constantan has the best overall combination of properties needed for many strain gauge applications.

Constantan is also used to form thermocouples with wires made of iron, copper, or chromel.

It was first developed by Edward Weston in 1892, improving upon his Constantan (1887).

Constantan is a copper-nickel alloy usually consisting of 55% copper and 45% nickel.

Very importantly, constantan can be processed for self-temperature compensation to match a wide range of test material coefficients of thermal expansion.

Thermocouples and resistors whose resistance is stable across changes in temperature contain the 55% copper-45% nickel alloy constantan.

For the measurement of very large strains, 5% (50 000 microstrain) or above, annealed constantan (P alloy) is the grid material normally selected.

These have the heating element of constantan or nickel-chromium alloy within a sheath of copper, cupronickel or stainless steel.

Single-core thermocouple cables use a single conductor pair of thermocouple conductors such as iron-constantan, copper constantan or nickel-chromium/nickel-aluminium.

However, constantan tends to exhibit a continuous drift at temperatures above 65 C (150 F); and this characteristic should be taken into account when zero stability of the strain gauge is critical over a period of hours or days.