dietary carbohydrates

Only small amounts of glucose are absorbed from dietary carbohydrates.

Although many dietary carbohydrates do break down into glucose, most of that glucose does not remain in the bloodstream for long.

However, reducing dietary fat, along with reducing dietary carbohydrates, can help reduce calories.

Most dietary carbohydrates are fermented into VFAs in the rumen.

Most dietary carbohydrates consist of varying proportions of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose.

Because the level of circulatory glucose is largely determined by the intake of dietary carbohydrates, diet controls major aspects of metabolism via insulin.

For example, restricting dietary carbohydrates increases the plasma concentration of B-hydroxybutyrate (that is, ketogenesis), a shift that may counteract life-span extension in mammals.

The triglycerides in blood are derived directly from the fats in food and are manufactured in the body from dietary carbohydrates and fats.

In ruminants, because metabolizable dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc.

Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block, as in starch and glycogen, or together with another monosaccharide, as in sucrose and lactose.

Only 3 percent of ingested calories are needed to put dietary fat into storage, but converting dietary carbohydrates into body fat uses up 23 percent of the calories consumed.

By using fatty acids and ketones as energy sources, supplemented by conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis), the body can maintain normal levels of blood glucose without dietary carbohydrates.

Indeed, it is well known that dietary protein is itself important for bone growth, and some studies have found increased bone formation in response to exchanging dietary carbohydrates for protein.

Though the mechanism aldolase B regulation is unknown, increased ALDOB gene transcription in the liver has been noticed with an increase in dietary carbohydrates and decrease in glucagon concentration.

Dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids may be metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, and the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates may be converted into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates.

This suggests two possible mechanisms for the reported abnormalities of fluid absorption in the colon in cholera - the direct effect of cholera toxin or a reduction in SCFA generation from unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates because of changes in the colon.

There are many reasons for type 1 diabetes to be accompanied by irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemias, frequently with ketosis, and sometimes serious hypoglycemias, including an impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, occult infection, gastroparesis (which leads to erratic absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and endocrinopathies (e.g., Addison's disease).