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Each FM-tone is generated by a digital oscillator using a form of direct digital synthesis.
They use direct digital synthesis (DDS) techniques to generate any waveform that can be described by a table of amplitudes.
Direct digital synthesis (DDS)
Sometimes this is achieved using DSP technology, for example direct digital synthesis using a waveform table, instead of analog signal processing.
In the context of arbitrary waveform generator, direct digital synthesis or numerically-controlled oscillators the term wavetable refers to samples of a single (periodic) waveform.
Some approaches include phase locked loops, double mix, triple mix, harmonic, double mix divide, and direct digital synthesis (DDS).
Although sophisticated analogue waveshaping is possible, the greater simplicity and arbitrary waveforms of digital systems like direct digital synthesis led to most later instruments adopting entirely digital oscillator designs.
L. Cordesses, "Direct Digital Synthesis: A Tool for Periodic Wave Generation (Part 1)" IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, DSP Tips & Tricks column, pp.
Traditionally, pulse programmers were built using hard-wired analog electronics to produce a fixed sequence of waveforms, but modern pulse programmers make use of direct digital synthesis programmable electronics controlled by a personal computer to make precisely reproducible sequences.