Additional examples are adjusted to the entries in an automated way - we cannot guarantee that they are correct.
Three different cases are possible for the addition of the entrainer:
Rodriguez-Donis et al. were the first to provide the entrainer selection rules.
The latter may have the advantage that an entrainer such as ethanol is not deposited during the process.
In some senses, adding an entrainer is similar to extractive distillation.
Modla et al. pointed out that this method may give misleading results for the minimal amount of entrainer.
Another type of entrainer is one that has a strong chemical affinity for one of the constituents.
The added entrainer should be recovered by distillation, decantation, or another separation method and returned near the top of the original column.
Modla et al. extended this method for batch heteroazeotropic distillation under continuous entrainer feeding.
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"The word has its origin in the Middle French verb entrainer," Mr. Moriarty continued.
- (entrainer fed) In case of the heteroazeotropic distillation the equipment is completed with a decanter, where the two liquid phases are split.
We added one part of the entrainer to the charge before the start of the distillation and the other part continuously during distillation.
If the material separation agent is selected to form azeotropes with more than one component in the feed then it is referred to as an entrainer.
A third component (entrainer, E) is added to the binary A-B mixture, which makes the separation of A and B possible.
This practice of adding an entrainer which forms a separate phase is a specific sub-set of (industrial) azeotropic distillation methods, or combination thereof.
Extractive distillation is similar to azeotropic distillation, except in this case the entrainer is less volatile than any of the azeotrope's constituents.
Other methods of separation involve introducing an additional agent, called an entrainer, that will affect the volatility of one of the azeotrope constituents more than another.
When an entrainer is added to a binary azeotrope to form a ternary azeotrope, and the resulting mixture distilled, the method is called azeotropic distillation.
The entrainer forms a heteroazeotrope with at least one (and preferably with only one (selective entrainer)) of the original components.
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This method has been applied for the use of a light entrainer in the batch rectifier and stripper by Lang et al. (1999) and it applied for maximum azeotropes by Lang et al.
In this case an entrainer or solvent is added to the mixture in order to form an heteroazeotrope with one or both of the components in order to help the separation of the original A-B mixture.
But ethyl acetate forms an azeotrope with water that boils at 70.4 C. By adding ethyl acetate as an entrainer, it is possible to distill away the azeotrope and leave nearly pure acetic acid as the residue.
The heavier phase, poor in the entrainer (benzene or cyclohexane), is stripped of the entrainer and recycled to the feed-while the lighter phase, with condensate from the stripping, is recycled to the second column.
With cyclohexane as the entrainer, the ternary azeotrope is 7% water, 17% ethanol, and 76% cyclohexane, and boils at 62.1 C. Just enough cyclohexane is added to the water/ethanol azeotrope to engage all of the water into the ternary azeotrope.