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The vibration data clearly shows where the pig passes a girth weld.
Flaws were also found in the girth welds, the ones that connect segments of pipe.
Sixty-six thousand "field girth welds" were needed to join the double joints into a continuous pipeline.
A girth weld failed due to earth movement, inadequate design, materials or workmanship, exceeding operational limits & gaps in integrity management.
Mechanized ultrasonic inspection which test for integrity of girth welds is replacing earlier technologies such as radiography to inspect automatic welds.
The program's researchers helped to minimize the chance of pipeline leaks and ruptures by developing new standards for fracture control and testing the strength of girth welds.
Further Study of Fatigue Damage to Girth Welds From Low Stresses in the Loading Spectrum (JIP)
Revenue at Shaw Pipeline Services increased 23% over the prior quarter as a result of increased ultrasonic girth weld inspection activity and strong USA land pipeline construction.
One worker said he remembered the leak stemming from a girth weld, a problem that also appeared in several other spots on the high-pressure line coursing through bedroom communities south of San Francisco, according to the filing.
Pipeline safety experts said it was concerning that PG&E lacked key details about weld flaws on the ruptured line, because girth weld and long seam weld leaks necessitate different kinds of safety tests.
They are constructed of high-strength steel to enable gas to be transmitted efficiently at high pressures and, because of the high stresses, the steel must be exceptionally tough with fracture-resistant seam and girth welds.
Advancing pipeline standards – Technological developments at NRCan are used as the scientific basis for revising the standards set by the Canadian Standards Association and other regulatory bodies to assess the integrity of pipeline systems, in particular, that of girth welds.