intermeddler

Therefore, no contract was made, and the intermeddler has no legal recourse to claim compensation.

The transaction costs for the doctor are high so the courts usually will rule this as restitution rather than officious intermeddler.

The court refused to allow this, noting that an "intermeddler is not permitted to gorge upon the fruits of litigation."

If B tries to coerce payment, B is an officious intermeddler.

However, pursuant to the equitable maxim, restitution does not allow a volunteer or "officious intermeddler" to recover.

An officious intermeddler is a person who voluntarily, and without request or pre-existing legal duty, interjects themselves into the affairs of another, and then seeks remuneration for services or reimbursement.

In the case of an officious intermeddler, this element of a contract is missing: consideration (goods or services) was provided by one party, but without the mutual consent of the receiving party.

Generally the existence of an actual or implied-in-fact contract is required for the defendant to be liable for services rendered, and a person who provides a service uninvited is an officious intermeddler who is not entitled to compensation.

The distinction between an officious intermeddler, and a party operating under a quasi-contract, is that the recipient of the goods or services has knowingly accepted the goods or services, with the intention of benefiting from them without providing compensation.