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The court held that even affirmative misadvice about deportation provided no grounds for relief under Strickland.
But it also said that if the lawyer decides to provide advice, it cannot be "misadvice" -- the wrong information that Padilla alleges he received.
Last financial year, for instance, ASIC says it banned 24 financial advisers alone, and another 23 were given prison sentences for offences ranging from serious misadvice to outright fraud.
But because of the inexperience of some of the winemakers and some misadvice over the years, many of the 1970's plantings turned out to have been the wrong vines in the wrong places.
Alito agreed with the Court that affirmative misadvice gives rise to a valid claim under Strickland, reasoning that requiring attorneys to know the limits of their own expertise is not too high a standard.
As a consequence of these issues, by the 1970s some settlers were in desperate financial circumstances and the government wanted to foreclose on their loans, forcing them to sell their farms, leading to desperate protests and legal action based on the misadvice they had received from public servants.