peridial

The mature gleba, which is eventually exposed when the peridial cap is shed, has a rust-brown color.

According to Desjardins and colleagues, this may represent vestiges of what was once cap cuticle or peridial tissue in an ancestor.

Species in this clade have unusual "peculiar wall thickenings on hyphal tips emerging from the peridial surface at maturity."

It is distinguished from C. sculpta by its tough, thicker peridial wall, and its scales are tipped with gray-brown.

A study on the related species Geastrum saccatum has shown that these crystals are responsible for the characteristic opening (dehiscence) of the outer peridial layers.

When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a temperate deciduous forest, Calostoma species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer).

After splitting of the peridal layers to expose the gleba, enzymatic conversion of glycogen to glucose increases the internal osmotic pressure and the turgidity of palisade cells in the inner peridial cup.

The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly colored peristome that has a star-shaped pore through which spores may escape.

C. stercoreus, C. pictus, C. fimicola Poeppigii group: Species with plicate internal peridial walls, hairy to shaggy outer walls, dark to black peridioles, and large, roughly spherical or ellipsoidal spores.

A. asiaticus has an outer peridial surface covered with small granules, and a gleba that is purplish-chestnut in color, compared to the smooth peridial surface and brownish gleba of A. hygrometricus.

In Bovista, the capillitium (a network of thread-like cells in which the spores are embedded) are not connected directly to the peridial wall, but rather, they are made of separate units and branch irregularly, ending in tapered points.