psychrophile
cryophile

Psychrophiles are true extremophiles because they adapt not only to low temperatures but often also to further environmental constraints.

Psychrophiles are also more often isolated from permanently cold habitats compared to psychrotrophs.

Psychrophiles are interesting enzymes that are very useful models in the research of proteins.

The incubator can also be adjusted for psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles.

They are even seen in psychrophiles, which are archaea that require very cold conditions to survive ( 15 C or below).

An especially notable result was the isolation of psychrophiles on every sampling occasion, and in such high numbers, from this "nonpermanently cold" environment.

More than half have shown themselves capable of growing in cold temperatures, and some are even officially psychrophiles — lovers of cold.

Although psychrotrophic representatives of both groups were abundant, no psychrophiles were recovered from any of the samples.

Key words: psychrotrophs, psychrophiles, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria.

Most are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus (found in Antarctica) are psychrophiles.

Most psychrophiles are bacteria or archaea, and psychrophily is present in widely diverse microbial lineages within those broad groups.

Richard Y. Morita emphasizes this by using the term "psychrotrophic" to describe organisms that do not meet the definition of psychrophiles.

Adaptations to temperature extremes - psychrophiles (found in ice floes, permanent ice fields, glaciers)

The confusion between the terms Psychrotrophs and psychrophiles was started because investigators were unaware of the thermolability of psychrophilic organisms at the laboratory temperatures.

In 1940, ZoBell and Conn stated that they have never encountered "true psychrophiles" or organisms that grow best at relatively low temperatures.

A wide range of organisms may have survived in the subsurface, such as chemolithotrophs and lithoautotrophs, and certain extremophiles like halophiles or psychrophiles.

Psychrophiles use a wide variety of metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, chemoautotrophy (also sometimes known as lithotrophy), and heterotrophy, and form robust, diverse communities.

The two Arthrobacter glacialis strains were found to be obligate psychrophiles with an optimum at 13–15 °C and a maximum at 18 °C.

In 1958, J. L. Ingraham supported this by concluding that there are very few or possibly no bacteria that fit the textbook definitions of psychrophiles.

Some grow well at temperatures near the freezing point of water (psychrophiles); others thrive at temperatures close to the boiling point of water (thermophiles).

The largest number of species overall was found in the area near the embayment, including many that are common to freshwater environments, as well as marine species, psychrophiles and thermophiles.

There are thousands of known species of molds, which have diverse life-styles including saprotrophs, mesophiles, psychrophiles and thermophiles and a very few opportunistic pathogens of humans.

The similarity between these two is that they are both capable of growing at zero, but optimum and upper temperature limits for the growth are lower for psychrophiles compared to psychrotrophs.

Major polypeptides were observed upon one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of sclerotial extracts of the following psychrophiles: Myriosclerotinia borealis, Coprinus psychromorbidus, Typhula idahoensis, and Typhula incarnata.

Many fungi have been recorded from these regions and from the country in general comprising thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles, aquatic forms, marine forms, plant and animal pathogens, edible fungi and beneficial fungi and so on.

Cryozoa include cryophiles, which not only survive low temperatures, but are capable of growth and reproduction in such conditions.

Microorganisms are divided into three temperature groups; cryophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles.

Cryophiles function optimally at temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius, mesophiles function best at temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees Celsius and thermophiles function optimally at over 40 degrees Celsius.

Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures, ranging from 20 C to +10 C. Temperatures as low as 15 C are found in pockets of very salty water (brine) surrounded by sea ice.