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A straight bill of lading by land or sea, or air waybill are not documents of title to the goods they represent.
As indicated earlier, the United States straight bill of lading is, although not negotiable, a transferable document, and as such functions as a document of title.
In these jurisdictions, carriers who deliver goods to consignees of straight bills of lading without obtaining the bills of lading from these consignees risk liability to subsequent transferees of these bills.
The dualism (document and non-document of title) of the Pomerene straight bill of lading poses serious problems in jurisdictions where the concept of a document of title is synonymous with negotiable bill of lading.