By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city and the majority of the city's population was of Portuguese origin.

Though Pepetela wrote Muana Puó and Mayombe while he was serving on the front, these were not published until after Angolan independence.

The Alvor Agreement was signed, establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola.

During the movement for Angolan independence in the 1960s, the situation became more complex.

He tried to recruit Savimbi who seems to have been undecided whether to commit himself to the cause of Angolan independence at this point in his life.

By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city.

Kwanza was introduced following Angolan independence.

Large-scale migratory flow from Angola to Portugal began in the 1970s, around the time of Angolan independence.

The name was changed back to "City of Kongo" (Mbanza Kongo) after Angolan independence in 1975.

Independent African trade unions were illegal, however, some underground or exiled unions existed, and were involved in the struggle for Angolan independence.