Lord Bingham identified the elements of the defence, to which they are summarised as below:

The prohibition against torture "has now become one of the most fundamental standards of the international community," Lord Bingham continued.

Later, as Lord Bingham, he would become Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Lord Bingham, dissenting, would have held that damages should be assessed on the date of the breach.

Lord Bingham, the most senior of them, has championed the creation of a court.

Lord Bingham did make the observation, gently, that contemporary "U.S. authority does not provide evidence of general international practice."

Lord Bingham, one of the UK's most distinguished lawyers, has died from cancer aged 76.

Clive Anderson's guests pay tribute to the late Lord Bingham.

Lord Bingham also decided not to recommend that international banks should only have one auditor.

However, having considered the arguments, Lord Bingham said that it was not a subject that lent itself to absolute rules.