However, there were exceptions; in the 7th century a Merovingian kingdom still retained at least one active Roman horse breeding centre.

Amongst all the barbarian tribes, Merovingian kingdom of the Franks became the most powerful realm in Western Europe.

Merovingian kingdom (481-751)

Their son Floribert would later become bishop of Liège, for bishoprics were all but accounted fiefs heritable in the great families of the Merovingian kingdoms.

The Merovingian kingdom was firmly established.

The civitas was central to the division of the Merovingian kingdoms because, as in the Roman period, it was the basis of much of the administrative system.

Civil wars were not the only destructive forces in the Merovingian kingdoms.

King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629.

The Burgundian kingdom was made part of the Merovingian kingdoms, and the Burgundians themselves were by and large absorbed as well.

Wood, Ian N., The Merovingian kingdoms 450-751 (London, 1994)