The Harper's Weekly journal issued in the North, published a story titled "Negro Troops" on June 20 that illustrated how supporters saw endless possibilities with the use of black soldiers: "Indeed there is no limit to the supply of troops which may be drawn from this source."

In addition to his religious and political achievements, George W. Williams was also the author of A History of Negro Troops in the War of Rebellion and The History of the Negro Race in America 1619-1880, the first history of African-Americans.

After his extended leave, Nolan, as a first lieutenant in the Regular U.S. Army, volunteered for cavalry duty with "Negro Troops" that were being raised on the frontier.

Negro Troops, as they were officially known, were sometimes given little support from Districts and Councils.

The Department of the Army's Center of Military History, in response to communication from this writer and Congressman Tom Ridge, supplied one version of the flare-up by providing a single page copied from Ulysses Lee's publication titled The Employment of Negro Troops.

After the Civil War two regiments of "Negro Troops" were raised for cavalry service on the frontier.

Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865.

George W. Williams, A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion.

After the Civil War, Carpenter was serving as a first lieutenant in the Regular U.S. Army and volunteered for cavalry duty with "Negro Troops" that were being raised.

A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865.