In addition, as Nassirudin Shah was the first Persian ruler to visit Europe, the official sending of portraits was left by the wayside, a relic of times gone by.

He was the first Persian ruler to make Tehran, then only a village, his capital.

Karim khan Zand, a Persian ruler, also wanted to have an ally in the person of Fatali Khan.

Dynasty XXXI consisted of three Persian rulers, and some have suggested that this was added by a continuator.

In 591, he took part in the joint Roman-Persian campaign under Narses to restore Khosrau II (r. 590-628), the rightful Persian ruler, to his throne.

The historical Cyrus was a Persian ruler whose rise began about 549 BCE.

It was enough to make any Persian ruler conditioned by 300 years of war with Rome suspicious of the emergence of a fifth column.

The name was later adopted and used to describe the thrones of Persian rulers.

Early Persian rulers saw themselves as successors to Ashurbanipal, and Mesopotamian Aramaic was retained as the lingua franca of the empire for over two hundred years.

Still, Heraclius continued to seek firmer alliance with Russia, his immediate motivation being the Persian ruler Karim Khan's attempts to bring Georgia back into the Persian sphere of influence.