"But my Polish background actually gave me an edge."
Her regency turned out to be a failure, her own Polish background notwithstanding.
There were also people of Polish background associated with the communist movement.
"I have a Polish background myself, and I'm more interested in hearing anything that might help us here in Berlin."
Both his parents were of a Polish background, and young Carl was bilingual from an early age.
These survivors, many of whom came from Polish Hasidic backgrounds, helped fill the synagogue in the 1950s and 1960s.
But Mr. Gronouski had what many saw as an even more important political credential: his Polish background.
He is of Belgian, Polish and Danish background from his father's side.
Many of her stories drew on her Polish background.
Śliwińska comes from a working-class Polish background.