The absolute gain and the spread over inflation are records.

While Beverage antennas have excellent directivity, because they are close to lossy earth they do not produce absolute gain (typically -20 to -10 dBi).

Whether industrialized countries enjoy absolute gains or not, they stand to increase their already huge overall economic advantage over the third world.

Importantly, this strategy of maximizing relative in-group gain (maximum differentiation) occurs even when it means sacrificing absolute in-group gain.

Proponents such as Maria Chattha argue that states will cooperate irrespective of relative gains, and are thus concerned with absolute gains.

Relative gains differ from absolute gain, which is the total effect of a decision on the state or organization, regardless of gains made by others.

The theory presupposes that states are concerned with absolute gains, that is, states do not consider the gains or losses of other states in their utility analysis.

Another assumption is that absolute gains can be made through co-operation and interdependence-thus peace can be achieved.

Therefore, third world states are more concerned with relative gains and short-term benefits than long-term benefits and absolute gains.

The prudent use of trade can boost a country's development and create absolute gains for the trading partners involved.