Ice algae is any of the various types of algal communities encountered in annual and multi-year sea-ice.

The ice algal communities play an important role in primary production and are therefore considered an important part of both Polar ecosystems.

Ice algae: algal communities encountered in annual and multi-year sea-ice.

'A few blue-green algae can store nitrogen, others can use atmospheric nitrogen, so algal communities can change from the normally dominant green to blue-green algae at this time,' says the Council.

Sanctuary zones have been found successful in protecting key species and biomass, though longer term datasets and further research into increasing subtidal macro algal communities in sanctuary zones is required.

In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of leaf tissue or algal communities to varying light intensities.

Especially diverse algal communities are found immediately adjacent to La Perouse Pinnacle.

The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology saw increased study of algal communities, and the place of algae in larger plant communities, and provided an additional tool for explaining geographical variation.

Advantages of trade were found among the mixed microbial and algal communities along the littoral of the earth's oceans four billion years ago.

Photosynthesis and production of epilithic algal communities in Thingvallavatn.