It is not active against Gram positive bacteria or bacteria with altered penicillin-binding proteins.

Evidence suggests that the altered protein is not transported into the cell nucleus, where it normally interacts with DNA.

MRSA has developed resistance to flucloxacillin and other penicillins by having an altered penicillin-binding protein.

This is hardly a small change; after all, mutation of a single one can cause the gene within which it is embedded to produce an altered protein or enzyme.

Those made from toxoids, which are harmless, chemically altered proteins from a bacterium, are also safe, as are certain genetically engineered viruses.

This area of altered protein and lipid eventually ruptures.

The altered protein then moves into the nucleus and turns on the gene needed to make interleukin-2.

Sulfad lead a normalization of the pathologically altered protein synthesis by increasing RNA synthesis.

RPAs allow for the determination of the presence of altered proteins or other agents that may be the result of disease.

But so far, they have not been able to get the plants to produce the altered proteins, said Dr. Helm, who is involved in the project.