The anti-Japanese protests were occasionally exploited by protesters who sought to criticize the Chinese government.

From then on, anti-Japanese protests in China would always be accompanied with boycotts of Japanese products.

The more conservative-minded members of the leadership probably saw the students' anti-Japanese protests as a way of criticising the 'reformist' faction.

Built to house 500 prisoners, up to 3500 were packed inside during the height of the anti-Japanese protests in 1919.

Small anti-Japanese protests were held in several cities in China.

These failed to take root, as emphasis on vegetarianism and/or clerical celibacy became another means of anti-Japanese protest.

They were widely supported: Shanghai, with its huge foreign settlement, became the centre of anti-Japanese popular protest.

In an informal test last week, the words "anti-Japanese protest" were typed into an online messaging service.

It was chosen by protesters as a potent moment to renew the anti-Japanese protests that spread across China last month.

September 15-19 - Second wave of anti-Japanese protests erupts in at least 19 cities in China.