To overcome this weakness, several groups have suggested iterative schemes that depend on the atomic charge.

A second approach is to use some theoretical model to calculate effective atomic charges.

Just before Phillip dies, he gives Conrad his atomic charge.

Partial charge, for other methods used to estimate atomic charges in molecules.

For more about issues with calculating atomic charges, see partial charge.

It should be remembered that atomic charges depend on the molecular conformation.

That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today.

Note that an atomic charge is not a physical observable.

Evidence for chemically different compounds shows that available experimental data and chemical understanding lead to justified atomic charges.

Unexpected atomic charges are very difficult to explain and invalidate the entire force field if accepted.