Many big issuers of i.o.u.'s are banks, which sell their own to raise short-term capital for lending.

Those restrictions are bound to affect online travel companies, which are big issuers of e-tickets.

Companies in the health care, energy and financial fields are the biggest issuers of PIPE's.

Q. Which big issuers of commercial paper effectively communicate with investors?

A. I couldn't name one big issuer of commercial paper that does this now.

But a number of big issuers said they would call in the bonds anyway.

Though not one of the early participants in the market, the United States is now the biggest issuer.

Citibank, the nation's biggest issuer of bank credit cards, conducts its business from South Dakota.

New York is by far the nation's biggest issuer of tax-exempt securities.

The biggest issuer of credit cards, Citicorp, has only about 4 percent of the market.