Foliar leaf blight or spot blotch is a major biotic stress whereas other stresses include heat and drought.

In addition, they are involved in signalling pathways and in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Although initially devoted to the study of anthropogenic toxicants the term is now used to describe research into the ecological effects of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses.

BRs have been reported to counteract both abiotic and biotic stress in plants.

The metabolic costs of the repair of injury from biotic or abiotic stress may also be considered a part of maintenance respiration.

It is a major focus of agricultural research, due to the vast economic losses caused by biotic stress to cash crops.

The relationship between biotic stress and plant yield affects economic decisions as well as practical development.

Molecular marker applications have also helped us understand the physiological parameters controlling plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress or, more generally, those involved in plant development.

Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses may be developed.

This feeding results in biotic stress, reduced flowers and seeds, and less vigorous growth.