Simpson's Paradox disappears when causal relations are brought into consideration.

Here animals learn some physics or causal relations of the environment.

Recent studies cast doubt on such a causal relation, and so more empirical data is required.

Concern about this violence is well placed, but does not create a causal relation with the earlier votes.

It doesn't have to be a causal relation, or even a consistent one.

This violence and the earlier voting, he says, had no causal relation.

There is no causal relation between these various events.

Such a projection does not in general preserve causal relations.

Events can be collected into groups by their causal relations.

Now, let us stop here and admit it to be at least possible that reason does stand in a really causal relation to phenomena.