Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems cell-based systems are more widely used.

In order to decipher this biological mystery, Nirenberg and Matthaei needed a cell-free system that would build amino acids into proteins.

The experimentation with synthetic RNA in a cell-free system was a key technical innovation.

When this is mixed with the viral RNA polymerase, you have a cell-free system where the entire composition is known.

In cell-free systems or single cells in culture, these mycotoxins cause a rapid inhibition of protein synthesis and polyribosomal disaggregation.

Eukaryotic cell extracts may also be used in other cell-free systems.

A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells while reducing the complex interactions found in a whole cell.

As these properties were measured in cell-free systems, their relevance to actual function of ergothioneine in vivo remains unproven.

Instead, Leder and Nirenberg used very short artificial RNA sequences (three nucleotides) in the cell-free systems.

"Dinitrocresol and phosphate stimulation of the oxygen consumption of a cell-free oxidative system obtained from sea urchin eggs".