Numerous important letters and charters of that period, which are preserved in it, offer rich material for the history of the relations between the emperors and popes; in particular the letters exchanged by Emperor Lothair, Henry the Proud, and Pope Innocent II give an animated and instructive picture of conditions at that time.

The charter does not guarantee NATO membership but offers Washington's explicit support for the Baltic nations' efforts to join.

Aside from having fewer delays, smaller crowds and often roomier aircraft, charters sometimes offer ticket prices that are competitive with those of commercial airlines.

The new charter would offer political rights to blacks, Mr. de Klerk said.

The body has labelled the Coalition's proposed reforms "a builder's charter" saying the plans offer an impoverished view of sustainable development.

The most important attraction of charter schools for young teachers is that charters offer a chance at participation in decision-making.

Refitted with six luxury cabins with en-suite bathrooms, Amber, Nesma, Musk and Zahra are available for private cruises, and from £675 for six nights' full board (0845 057 0600; www.balesworldwide.com/nile-cruise) Luxor to Aswam, the charters offer good value for groups.

Along with regional carriers, the charter industry expects to be able to "take up the slack" if, as expected, money-losing airlines eliminate more routes and services even after robust travel resumes, Mr. Barrett said, adding that charters can offer prices that compete with premium airline fares.

Proponents claim that charters offer teachers a measure of empowerment, employee ownership, and governance that might be enhanced by union assistance (Nathan).