This, combined with other studies that relate chronic adrenergic stimulation to hypertrophy, led Rossi to the conclusion that iron deficiency hypertrophy was caused by chronic sympathetic stimulation.

It has been suggested that this may be related to the chronic stimulation of CRH-containing neurons in the hypothalamus by nicotine.

Treatments include pharmacotherapy such as levadopa, thalamotomy or chronic thalamic stimulation.

It could also be argued that the increased maximal secretory capacity of smokers is the result of chronic vagal stimulation which enhances acid secretion.

The lack of chronic serotonergic stimulation with on-demand dapoxetine minimizes the potentiation action of serotonin at synaptic cleft, thus decreasing the risk of DESS.

Clearly, iron deficient cardiac hypertrophy is not caused by chronic stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart.

Controlled stimulation of the immune system is a benefit in a vaccine, but chronic uncontrolled stimulation could lead to autoimmune problems.

Rodent studies show that chronic stimulation to muscle tissue increases the amount of slow-twitch fibers, Dr. Coyle said.

The symptoms of "SLUDGE" are due to chronic stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, in organs and muscles innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.