We hold that in the circumstances presented here, they do not. . . . It is now well established that lawyer advertising is commercial speech and, as such, is accorded a measure of First Amendment protection.

Say wrote about "applying" the "general principles of political economy" to "ascertain the rule of action of any combination of circumstances presented to us."

Dr. Allawi acknowledged that concern but said the extraordinary circumstances presented by the insurgency demanded a special response.

"The shooting death of Mr. Alpizar, while tragic, is legally justified in light of the surrounding circumstances presented to the air marshals," wrote Michael E. Gilfarb, an assistant state attorney, in the report.

These two case studies demonstrated that we could craft financial strategies tailored to the unique circumstances presented by particular international security challenges.

"I don't believe there is a case that has been cited that can't be distinguished" from the circumstances presented by the jury question, Judge Melinda F. Harmon of Federal District Court said immediately before her ruling.

Though there were compelling reasons for confidentiality in the investigations, prosecutors said, "the government believes that under the circumstances presented here those interests should yield to the public's interest in the proposed disclosure."

But presidential authority does not exist in a vacuum, and this case involves not whether those responsibilities should be aggressively pursued, but whether the president is obligated, in the circumstances presented here, to share them with Congress.

Whether or not any of these measures is readily achievable is to be determined on a case-by-case basis in light of the particular circumstances presented and the factors discussed above.