Both have often tended, for three decades now, to enrich the military and civilian elites, as well as American investors, at the expense of most Indonesians.

A five-month inquiry by the military and civilian technical elite has had many sophisticated insights, but perhaps only one real "eureka" moment.

Public opinion and, even more important, the sympathies of the civilian political elite, moved perceptibly against Phibun's alliance with Japan.

Tarr and Roman, on the other hand, were concerned that the similarities between military elites and civilian elites enabled a dangerous politicizing trend among the military.

Paramilitary forces find a ready support base within the military and police, as well as local civilian elites in many areas.

The sympathies of the civilian political elite, moved perceptibly against the Phibun regime and the military, forcing the Prime Minister from office in June 1944.

Twenty-one percent, for example, of the civilian nonveteran elite said they would be disappointed if one of their children joined the armed forces.

Women make up 41 percent of the civilian nonveteran elite, but only 8 percent of the military elite.

After the war, a vigorous debate among civilian elites spawned the development of new political parties.

Abd al-llah's appointment changed the delicate balance between the palace, the officer corps, the civilian political elite and the British.