To avoid that problem, Mr. Coelho and a colleague invented a very thin membrane that lets the cold come through but prevents whatever is being frozen from touching the liquid.

Mr. Everett and his colleagues are inventing military robots for future battles.

His colleague, Ralph Hartley invented an inductive coupling oscillator which Colpitts improved in 1915.

During the same period, Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues in the School of Medicine invented methods for cultivating viruses and rickettsiae in fertilized chicken eggs.

It happened slowly, the advances gradual until what Dr. Gernot Zippe and his colleagues had invented was a compact, almost elegant device for collecting uranium's rare U-235 isotope.

Dr. Rangarajan and his colleague, Thomas McNulty, have invented a system for switching to backup solar power within seconds of a power failure.

Instead, Blackmun and his concurring colleagues invented a right to abortion, and imposed a solution more extreme than the policies of just about any other comparable nation.

Mr. Hoover and a colleague, Frederick E. Payne, have invented the self-propelled wheelbarrow, which relies on a lawnmower engine, rather than sturdy backs and legs.

Dr. Schoelkopf and colleagues at Yale have invented a thermometer that measures temperature based on electrical noise not that different from the static heard on radios.

He and his colleagues invented cutting techniques and "glass knives" that cut biological samples thin enough to view with the electron microscope.