The companies' collusive behavior enabled them to charge higher prices, allowing them to pocket illicit profits.
American officials say these alliances engage in collusive behavior; Japanese prefer to call it collectivism or cooperation.
The collusive behavior cost the owners $280 million in penalties and another chance at free agency for some players.
The art world was flush with rumors yesterday that prosecutors have documents delineating collusive behavior between the two houses.
At the core of the commission's complaint, however, is documentation of the association's startling failure to monitor sales practices, let alone stop collusive behavior.
Our view from the very beginning was that the information bank represented continued collusive behavior by the clubs.
Thus, there may be unwritten rules of collusive behavior such as price leadership (tacit collusion).
But then, as we shall see, it may become possible to rationalize the kind of collusive behaviour which is simply not contemplated in the standard models.
One of the three union lawyers who met with management officials yesterday said the issue of collusive behavior was nevertheless raised at the meeting.
Such collusive behavior is prohibited as an illegal restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.