For Habermas, it is all of these, as well as communicative action.

Culture has become an instrument for social interpretation and communicative action.

He has pioneered such concepts as the public sphere, communicative action, and deliberative democracy.

His work suggests that communicative action can reshape actors' understanding of their interests with important consequences for world politics.

Thirdly, the way these issues are dealt with is by developing a theory of communicative action.

The way to analyse ideology is through a theory of communicative action.

But he seems to have withdrawn from his earlier commitment to critical theory and become increasing involved in the philosophical basis of communicative action.

Finally, communicative action is the process through which people form their identities.

In contrast to these, Habermas has formulated a theory of communicative action.

Thus, communicative action is an indispensable facet of society.