Composite electrodes are constructed from carbon-based material with metal oxides and/or conducting polymers.

In 1977, the first electrically conducting polymers were discovered by Hideki Shirakawa et al.

The particular properties of conducting polymers are based on the theoretical relation between bond alternation and equalization.

Amongst the family of conducting polymers and organic semiconductors, polyaniline has many attractive processing properties.

PPV and its derivatives are conducting polymers of rigid-rod polymer family.

The new nanostructured forms of conducting polymers particularly, provide fresh air to this field with their higher surface area and better dispersability.

In general, there are two categories of applications for conducting polymers.

This has resulted in an interest in incorporation of conductive fillers such as carbon black, metals and conducting polymers.

He has published more than 700 refereed papers (430 since January 2000) and a monograph on inherently conducting polymers for intelligent material systems.

Radical cations figure prominently in the chemistry and properties of conducting polymers.