A spokesman for the IOC said it was "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit."

Such deliberate breaches of etiquette have the side effect of slowing play and risking barring, thereby limiting the earnings of the expert player.

They do not apply in cases of deliberate breach.

They have instead pointed to an error, a misunderstanding or a deliberate breach of flight instructions by the Kazak pilot as the probable cause of the crash.

This was a deliberate breach of custom and it would not go unnoticed.

To summarise the exposition so far, a fiduciary cannot exclude liability for fraud, deliberate breach of duty and possibly gross negligence.

The professional foul in rugby league embodies a similar concept, a deliberate breach of the rules in order to prevent a scoring opportunity.

A deliberate breach of a single provision in a contract to which that provision is essential will amount to repudiation of the entire contract.

It was, however, open to the plaintiff to be in deliberate breach of the contract in order to 'cut his losses' commercially.

Secondly: with more responsibility at all levels, it will in future be possible to hold financial actors liable for negligence or deliberate breaches of the financial regulations.