At the national level, John Quincy Adams served in the House of Representatives from 1831 to 1848 after being denied re-election as president in 1828.

Mr. Clinton's Republican opponent that autumn ran ads accusing him of not having "stood up" for Arkansas, and he was denied re-election.

Mr. Gibson, they said, also lobbied the membership directly to deny them re-election.

The current Speaker, Thomas S. Foley of Washington, was denied re-election to his Congressional seat.

He was denied re-election in 1982, though he did remain in office until 1984 while they looked for a successor.

Whatever his perceived failings, they were certainly not enough to deny Mr. Giuliani re-election.

It was not uncommon for an incumbent Senator denied re-election by the Island electorate to seek a refreshed mandate in their own parish.

Not since 1977 has an incumbent mayor or City Council president been denied re-election.

Today both said they were in the race to stay and expected to force a runoff after Mr. Armey is denied re-election on the first ballot.

After Pickering was denied re-election in 1816, he retired to Salem, where he lived as a farmer until his death in 1829, aged 83.