This is thought to be mediated through CB-mediated peripheral release of endogeous opioid peptides, as well as direct activation of the TRPA1 channel.

Furthermore, the balance that exists between the direct activation of these signalling pathways has a significant effect on TGF-β induced cellular responses.

Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome.

The plant-biosynthesized cannabinoid cannabidiol also shows "either direct or indirect activation" of TRPV1 receptors.

Studies show that resveratrol increases the expression level of SIRT1, meaning that it does increase the activity of SIRT1, though not necessarily by direct activation.

These pro-inflammatory cytokines are probably responsible for the direct activation of monocytes, as suggested by the upregulation of CD64 and IL-1R (Figure 8).

"A direct mind-to-mind activation?"

There is clearly the potential within the intestine for direct activation of subepithelial macrophages by lipopolysaccharides from the luminal flora, particularly after any breach of epithelial integrity.

At Community level, over and above the civil protection force, direct activation of Solidarity Fund resources and, more importantly, freeing them from bureaucratic mechanisms, must be the Commission's basic priorities.

However, this observation does not necessarily suggest direct activation because the effect cellular activation may have on EBV latency is not known.