So when would a rule or practice which had a discriminatory effect be 'justifiable'?

Some focus on the possible discriminatory and intrusive effects of geodemographic practices.

For example, it does not require plaintiffs to identify which specific employment practice has had a discriminatory effect.

It makes it easy for businesses to justify practices that have discriminatory effects.

This analysis focuses on facially neutral policies that may have a discriminatory effect.

A discriminatory effect is sufficient, the courts have held.

The bill says they must be made soon after the discriminatory effect becomes clear.

The economically discriminatory effect of the bond system has been controversial and subject to attempts at reform since the 1910s.

That is my first point: we are drafting a directive which evidently has a discriminatory effect, especially in terms of frontier workers.

This is aimed at ensuring that national measures do not have a discriminatory effect or interfere with the internal market.