Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), Manichaeism and Mandaeism, are representative of dualistic and monist philosophies since each has a supreme and transcendental First Principle from which the two equal-but-opposite entities then emanate.

Samkhya is a dualistic philosophy, but there are differences between Samkhya and other forms of dualism.

Hegels and Goethe's science and poetry were inspired by dualistic philosophy and Goethe's Farbenlehre is a result of this thinking used in the field of natural science:

According to modern scholars, it propounds a dualistic philosophy.

In Bergson's dualistic philosophy, man's intellect enables him to appraise the world, and his intuition tells him something of the all-pervading life force, or elan vital.

Both also share a dualistic philosophy which comes from a shared philosophical background in popular schools of Hellenistic thought.

Conceiving of a deity with no image prepares the way for abstract thinking that leads to law codes, dualistic philosophy and objective science.

In present day discussions on the practice of animal vivisection, it is normal to consider Descartes as an advocate of this practice, as a result of his dualistic philosophy.

Middle East: During the Persian empire, Zoroaster, aka Zarathustra, founded Zoroastrianism, a dualistic philosophy.

Being a dualistic philosophy, the goal of Shaiva Siddhanta is to become an ontologically distinct Shiva (through Shiva's grace).