It has changed at a rate of 0% due to migration and at a rate of -20% due to births and deaths.

In the early 1980s, Cubatão was one of the most polluted cities in the world, nicknamed "Valley of Death", due to births of brainless children and respiratory, hepatic and blood illnesses.

Lack of oxygen to the brain, low birth weight due to multiple births after in vitro fertilization and maternal infection, including benign conditions like periodontal disease, have been linked to cerebral palsy.

It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration and aging.

Over the same time period the population has changed at a rate of -2% due to migration and at a rate of -1.1% due to births and deaths.