Also the compilation of the Qur'an and a consensus on its authentic reading was accomplished by the efforts of the early caliphs and under their supervision and guidance.

Several early caliphs, confronted with cases of sodomy between males, are said to have had both partners executed, by a variety of means.

No institutions were devised to channel political activity, and, in the absence of such institutions, the pre-Islamic tribal jealousies and rivalries, which had been suppressed under earlier caliphs, erupted once again.

They do not accept the legitimacy of Islam's three earliest caliphs, or spiritual leaders.

It contains an account of the early conquests of Mohammed and the early caliphs.

Salam wrote an editorial in 1952 comparing the nepotism of one of the early caliphs with that of Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin.

However, there is some evidence that some early caliphs did believe that they had authority to rule in matters not specified in the Quran.

Arabian slaves are posited to have benefited from the Islamic reformulation, through "reforms of a humanitarian tendency both at the time of Muhammad and the later early caliphs".

They are encouraged to memorize certain important Suras of the Quran, the life of Muhammad, early caliphs, saints and heroes of Islam is also highlighted.

He was also governor of Medina during the rule of the early Umayyad caliphs.