In order to produce today's metallicity, early galaxies must have been significantly more powerful than they are today.

Although there's evidence that a black hole exists at the center of every galaxy, their tell-tale signatures have not been detected in these early galaxies.

Even at these low numbers, the X-rays they see indicate that there are, in fact, black holes in the earliest galaxies.

I thought red shift was from the doppler effect and early galaxies moving away from us.

But the infrared camera revealed many new objects, the reddest and faintest of which may be the earliest galaxies ever detected.

The era came to an end when light from the earliest galaxies burned through, or "ionized," the opaque gas, causing it to become transparent.

But light from the earliest galaxies is too faint to be studied this way.

This is similar to the earliest galaxies in the Universe.

The early galaxies appear to be smaller, more concentrated and less regular than today's galaxies.

So there had been stars living and dying long before these early galaxies.