In addition, the effects of drugs, hormones, or deletion or knockdown of the gene of interest, and the subsequent effects on both the strength of the protein-protein interactions and the location of the interaction can be observed within seconds.

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.

Mice lacking Rad18 had no significant defects in viability or fertility, therefore male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.

Animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.