The electrical field is usually able to excite an elastic response from the electrons involved in the metallic bonding.
When extending most polymers, their elastic response cannot be neglected.
If a small stress is applied to a polymer glass, it exhibits a rapid elastic response resulting from purely local, bond angle, deformation.
The changes a and a' correspond to the elastic response of the polymer and so we can begin with a Hookean spring.
The initial uplift following deglaciation was near-instantaneous due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed.
Steel exhibits linear elastic response up to yield stress and strain approximately 0.1%.
As indicated here, even most simple liquids will exhibit some elastic response at shear rates or frequencies exceeding 5 x 10 cycles per second.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements.
During the constant force period the time dependent elastic response or viscoelasticity, together with the viscous response, result in further increase in strain.
The initial stress is due to the elastic response of the material.