Lake upset established orthodoxy by arguing that the arthropods are paraphyletic, arising before annelids and molluscs.

The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy.

When my father was in college and took a course on the Renaissance," Professor Peterson said, "the professor assigned a textbook that taught only the established orthodoxy.

Such criticism did not sit well with Mr. Galbraith, a man no one ever called modest, and he would respond that his critics had rightly recognized that his ideas were "deeply subversive of the established orthodoxy."

The first is the need for courage to challenge established orthodoxies - in her case the depressing consensus that Britain was doomed to permanent economic decline.

But once Pauline thought had consolidated its own position, it automatically became the 'established orthodoxy', and from that point on anything that clashed with it became, by definition, a 'heresy'.

Since its inception, chiropractic was controversial amongst the established medical orthodoxy.

By midcentury, the liberal commitment to "interracialism" and to an integrated, "universal" church had become established orthodoxy.

The Conintern Essential to the self-image of conservatives is the notion that they are enemies of an established orthodoxy, insurgents against the dogmatic political correctness that predominates on the left.

This may be in response to a perceived danger of rejection by society, or of formalised persecution by an established religious orthodoxy.