The females differ from males in above characters and instead their upper parts are covered with pale brown plumage.

Males and females differ in the following general components of fitness, thus leading to sexual conflict.

Males and females differ little in size or shape.

Males and females differ in their size and sucker patterns.

Males and females do not differ in appearance, though the latter are a bit smaller.

The females of some species also may differ significantly from the males in other plumage features.

The adult females differed but slightly from the males.

It affects both males and females but the phenotype differs.

Contrary to popular belief, however, males and females do not differ in the number of ribs; both usually have twelve pairs.

However both males and females differ in the control which they have over the many muscles, including the diaphragm, used in voice production.