Both the male and female may engage in this behaviour, and generally more intensely in the breeding season.

Before mating, males and females may engage in various forms of behavior.

A core principle of behavioral biology, for example, is that males are far more likely than females to engage in "extra-pair copulations."

Both sexes embrace young, whereas only females engage in bridge formation.

A few species are known to be mud-puddling, but as it seems, females rarely engage in such behavior.

The females involved will generally be heterosexual and will not often engage in behaviour beyond mild physical flirting.

Both males and females frequently engage in disputes over territory.

Males as well as females engage in alloparenting.

Hybrids are sterile although females sometimes unsuccessfully engage in spawning motions.