"If you insult my intelligence again, the female will suffer," Dox vowed.

In species where males normally do not contribute much to parental care, females suffer relatively little or not at all.

Female after female, child after child, had suffered hurt.

I still don't understand why you claim that females suffer a double whammy and males don't?

It was observed that both males and females suffer from traumatic insemination.

Studies have revealed that females who received Acps from males suffered decreased lifespan and fitness.

The study also found that females who mated with more than one male suffered higher mortality.

In their late teens, both males and females may suffer bone spurs and arthritic conditions.

The second female, however, often suffers from polygyny.

Dunbar points out that in a primate social system, lower-ranking females will typically suffer the most intense harassment.