The pectoral fin spine is serrated on the front edge.

The pelvic fin spine is large along with a locking mechanism.

This species is a plain dark brown above, darkening to almost black below, with white dorsal fin spines.

These sharks should be handled with care as their fin spines can inflict a painful wound.

The pectoral fin spine is very strong, prominent, and strongly serrated on the inner side.

The fin spines are highly venomous and can be dangerous to humans.

Microscopic analysis has found fish scales and fin spines of these ancient fish some 410 million years old.

It also has wider pelvic fin spines than other species.

So, in most cases only tooth plates and fin spines are preserved.

In males, the pectoral fin spine is often thick, short, and curved when compared to the female.